Polyethylene microplastics from common food packaging can contribute to the development of fatty liver disease, researchers reported in the journal Science Advances.
The health risk is particularly pronounced in individuals who regularly consume burgers, soda, and other high-calorie foods, according to the study published in the peer-reviewed journal.
Researchers investigated the biological impact of polyethylene, which is the most widely produced type of plastic globally. The material is routinely used to manufacture food packaging, cling film, storage containers, and disposable drink cups. The study revealed that polyethylene on its own heightens the clinical signs of fatty liver disease.
When combined with a diet high in fats, fructose, and cholesterol, exposure to polyethylene microplastics significantly accelerates the progression of the condition. Fatty liver disease, also known as hepatic steatosis, occurs when excess fat builds up inside liver cells, a condition closely linked to metabolic health, obesity, and dietary patterns.
Disruption of liver defense mechanisms
The study authors established that polyethylene disrupts the natural protective and self-repair mechanisms of the liver. Using spatial transcriptomics technology, researchers discovered that the microplastics activate PPAR-alpha, a regulatory protein involved in lipid and fat metabolism within human tissues.
The microplastics were also found to affect the activity of the ANXA2 gene, which plays an essential role in tissue regeneration and cellular repair. Spatial transcriptomics is an advanced molecular profiling method that allows scientists to map gene activity to specific microscopic regions within intact organ samples.
The researchers noted that their work represents the first scientific study to demonstrate a direct link specifically between polyethylene microplastics and the development of fatty liver disease.
Future research and dietary factors
Looking ahead, the research team plans to examine whether this specific form of microplastic can accelerate the transition of fatty liver disease into more severe medical complications, including liver fibrosis. Fibrosis refers to the accumulation of scar tissue in the organ, which can progressively impair normal liver function.
The new findings build upon earlier scientific research into liver disease management. Previous studies established that sinigrin, a naturally occurring plant compound found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts, acts to slow down the development of fatty liver disease.
